Summary: Theories of European Integration

Intergovernmentalism

European integration is driven by the strategic choices of member states. These choices are made to protect national interests, often through inter-state bargaining.
While supranational bodies facilitate decision-making, the ultimate control remains with the member states.

• International institutions address challenges better than national ones.

• Initial technical competencies lead to deeper union over time.

• Cooperation on technical issues evolves to political integration.

• Integration results from cooperation and competition among societal actors.

• Creates a political space above nation states.

• Emphasises pooling sovereignty and the role of the European Parliament.

• Integration arises from political conflicts, not technocratic consensus.

• Embraces European disintegration as a potential outcome, exemplified by Brexit.