The European Council: Structure, Functions, and Dynamics

Mandate and Composition (Article 15 TEU)

The European Council comprises the Heads of State or Government of every Member State (MS), making it the EU's most high-profile political body. It was formalised by the Lisbon Treaty and is responsible for setting the general direction and priorities of the European Union.

President of the European Council

• Selection Process:

◦ The President is elected by a qualified majority for a term of two and a half years.

◦ The role is pivotal in coordinating and representing the European Council’s activities.

Meeting Frequency and Crisis Management

• Official Schedule:

◦ Officially, the European Council meets four times a year.

◦ However, additional meetings are common in times of crisis, such as during Brexit negotiations, the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and the COVID-19 pandemic.

• Conclusions and Follow-ups:

◦ After each meeting, the Council publishes conclusions that outline key decisions and guidelines for the European Commission to follow up on.

Role and Responsibilities

• Setting the General Direction:

◦ The European Council sets the EU's overall political direction and priorities but does not have legislative functions.

◦ It suggests candidates for top positions within the EU institutions, including the European Commission President.

• Crisis Management:

◦ During crises, the Council plays a crucial role in decision-making and coordination among Member States.

Legislative Functions and Law-Making Institutions

• European Parliament (EP) and Council of the European Union:

◦ These two bodies are the primary law-making institutions within the EU, holding significant legislative functions.

◦ The European Commission also plays a crucial role in the legislative process, particularly in initiating legislation.

Conclusion

The European Council is a central body in the EU, composed of the highest political leaders from each Member State. It plays a crucial role in setting the EU's strategic direction and responding to crises, although it does not engage in legislative functions. This division of roles ensures a balance between strategic oversight and legislative action within the EU's institutional framework.